ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืชื•ื-ืœื™


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™

ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ืฉืจ ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘. ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 'ืชื•ื', ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืชื•ื' ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื "ืš ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช - ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืžืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, 'ืœื™', ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ - ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืžื™ืœื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” 'ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™' ืื• 'ืฉืœื™', ืืš ื’ื ื›ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื 'ืœื™' (Li) ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืฉื–ื™ืฃ' ืื• 'ื™ืคื”'. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ืชื ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ืชื•ื ื•ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื–ื” ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืžื’ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ('ืชื•ื') ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ('ืœื™'), ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”. ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช.

ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ืžื ื•ืงื“

ืชึนึผื-ืœึดื™

ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Tom-Li | Tomli

ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ

ื‘ืช

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ืœื

ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ืžื”ืชื "ืš

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื›"ื•:ื•' - ื•ึธืึตืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผืชึปืžึดึผื™ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึดืงึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื›ึทึผืคึทึผื™

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืชื•ื' ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื 'ืœื™' ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืžื“ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ื•ืจืื”.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™

486

=

400

ืช

+

6

ื•

+

40

ื

+

30

ืœ

+

10

ื™

ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ืชื•ื-ืœื™

9

=

400

ืช

+

6

ื•

+

40

ื

+

30

ืœ

+

10

ื™

=

486

=

4

+

8

+

6

=

18

=

1

+

8

=

9

ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ื-ืœื™

ืชื•ื-ืœื™ โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื