ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืืžื™ืœ


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ

ืืžื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืจืชืงืช, ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžื”ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ "Aemilius" (ืืžื™ืœื™ื•ืก), ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "aemulus" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” "ื™ืจื™ื‘", "ืžืชื—ืจื”" ืื• "ืžื—ืงื”". ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื”-20, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื˜. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ื™ืจื™ื‘" ืื• "ืžืชื—ืจื”" ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ, ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืžื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืจื•ืžื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉื ืžืกืžืœ ืืคื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื›ืฉื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืจื•ื— ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื’ืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืฉื ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ืคืš ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื, ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.

ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ืžื ื•ืงื“

ืึถืžึดื™ืœ

ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Emil | Emile | ร‰mile

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ืœื

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช. ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื-ืž-ื™-ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” (ื - ืืœืฃ) ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื (ืž - ืžื™ื, ืกืžืœ ืœืจื’ืฉ ื•ืœื–ืจื™ืžื”) ืืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ (ื™ - ื™ื•ื“, ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™) ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” (ืœ - ืœืžื“). ื”ืฉื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื• ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“, ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืืžื™ืœ

81

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ื

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40

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30

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ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ืืžื™ืœ

9

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1

ื

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40

ืž

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10

ื™

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30

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81

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8

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1

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9

ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ

ืืžื™ืœ ื–ื•ืœื - ืกื•ืคืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื | ืืžื™ืœ ืื–'ืืจ (ืจื•ืžืŸ ื’ืืจื™) - ืกื•ืคืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ | ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื - ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช | ืืžื™ืœ ืงื•ืฉื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆื” - ื‘ืžืื™ ืกืจื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืกื™ื | ืืžื™ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืจืกืงื™ - ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™

ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืžื™ืœ

ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ ื ืจืฉื

1177 ืคืขืžื™ื

ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื ืืžื™ืœ

* ืžืงื•ืจ: ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2022

ืืžื™ืœ โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื